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Life Health > Life Insurance

Life and Annuity Issuers Could Help Break the Banks: Economists

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What You Need to Know

  • Viral Acharya and colleagues examine the threads that bind financial services sectors together.
  • Life insurers have argued that they reduce financial system risk.
  • Co-author Nicola Cetorelli is a non-bank financial institution researcher at the New York Fed.

If financial disasters pull too hard on the banks, that could choke the life insurers, and asset sales at life insurers could then tighten the rope around the banks’ necks even more.

Three economists touch on possible financial knots of doom in a new working paper about ways that problems at “non-bank financial intermediaries” — including mutual funds, pension plans and broker-dealers, as well as life insurers — could make struggling banks die faster.

“Not only can NBFIs be sources of systemic risk, but their fate in a crisis is intricately interwoven with that of banks,” according to Viral Acharya, Nicola Cetorelli and Bruce Tuckman.

Thinking harder about systemic risk at life insurers and other NBFIs and subjecting them to additional regulatory oversight could contribute to financial stability, the economists argue.

What it means: U.S. bank regulators’ efforts to get more say over life insurers and other NBFIs continue to simmer.

Successful regulator efforts to increase their role in insurance regulation could decrease some types of risk at life insurers while increasing other forms of risk, increasing the cost of the insurers’ products and narrowing the scope of the types of products available.

The paper: Acharya is the C.V. Starr professor of economics at New York University’s business school., His job, then, is named after Cornelius Vander Starr, the founder of the company that became AIG, the insurer with the failed collateralized debt obligation business that helped set off the 2008-2009 financial crisis.

Tuckman is an NYU finance professor who served as chief economist at the Commodity Futures Trading Commission. Cetorelli is head of non-bank financial institution studies at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.

The economists published their working paper on the website of the National Bureau of Economic Research.

A working paper is an academic paper that has not yet been through a full, formal peer review process.

Life insurers and financial system risk: Life insurers have argued that they tend to tamp down systemic risk and not cause it, because they are long-term investors with products designed to discourage customers from pulling cash out quickly due to shifts in the stock market or interest rates.

Life insurers note that the AIG business best known for its role in the 2008-2009 financial crisis was a financial trading business, not a business involved in providing life insurance and annuities.

The Acharya team’s view: Acharya and his colleagues contend that life insurers and other NBFIs could propagate or even amplify systemic risk in a major crisis because banks and NBFIs have transformed.

U.S. banks and U.S. NBFIs now operate in such a way that banks handle the activities that benefit most from bank deposit insurance, NBFIs handle the activities that bank regulators dislike, and the banks and NBFIs are connected in ways that regulators may not fully understand, the economists write.

In addition to life insurers, broker-dealers, mutual funds and pension plans, their list of NBFIs includes asset-backed securities issuers, equity real estate investment trusts, finance companies, government-sponsored enterprises and agencies, money market funds, mortgage real estate investment trusts, property-casualty insurers and other types of financial businesses.

The economists include charts showing how each type of financial institution holds assets issued by the other types of financial institutions.

Broker-dealers, for example, owed $5.4 trillion in the first quarter of 2023 and borrowed $1.4 trillion of that from banks, according to the economists.

Life insurers have issued a total of $9.2 trillion in bonds, including $6.7 trillion in bonds held by households, governments and non-financial corporations, the economists write.

The economists give life insurers’ investments in bank loans as an example of a mechanism that could amplify the effects of a financial crisis on banks.

“A shock impacting non-financial firms induces asset managers to sell Treasuries and corporate bonds,” the economists write. “The resulting price pressure on corporate bonds induces life insurance companies to sell bank loans. The portfolios of banks suffer losses from both the direct, or Round 1, impact of falling prices of Treasures and from the indirect, or Round 2, impact of falling prices of bank loans.”

The economists add that researchers should look into “imperfections of the current regulatory regime” that explain why banks are pushing some activities into the arms of NBFIs and why NBFIs are so profitable.

Credit: Adobe Stock


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