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February 29, 2016 at 07:22 AM
(Bloomberg) — The Supreme Court has a lot of decisions to make, and not the kind it’s used to.
Two weeks after Justice Antonin Scalia’s unexpected death, the court starting Monday will offer clues about how it will operate during what could be an extended vacancy. The eight remaining justices will start deciding whether to accept new cases that could split them 4-4, and what to do about pending disputes that already have them deadlocked.
As Senate Republicans work to block any nominee from President Barack Obama, Chief Justice John Roberts and his colleagues will be deciding whether to smooth over the difficulties that come with an eight-member court, or shine a spotlight on them.
The biggest questions surround the handful of current cases that offer the prospect of a 4-4 split. Among them are appeals argued in 2015 over union fees and consumer lawsuits, and still-to-come clashes involving undocumented immigrants and Obama administration contraceptive benefits rules related to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) preventive services package mandate.
In the event of a tied vote, the lower court ruling is upheld without setting a nationwide precedent or providing reasoning on either side. A string of 4-4 decisions might suggest that the court can’t fully function shorthanded, and provide fodder for Democrats who say Senate Republicans are duty-bound to hold a vote on Obama’s as-yet unnamed nominee.
One possibility for those cases: The court could strike a compromise, issuing a narrow opinion that could command at least five votes.
4-4 ties ‘undesirable’
“The prospect of numerous 4-4 ties or dismissals would be undesirable to the court,” said Gregory Garre, an appellate lawyer at Latham & Watkins LLP who served as President George W. Bush’s top Supreme Court lawyer. “My sense is that the court will want to roll up its sleeves and try to find ways to resolve the cases before it, even if ultimately they will be kicking some broader issues down the road.”
Compromise will be easier in some circumstances than others. In the union fees appeal, the court is considering whether to overturn a 1977 precedent and let public-sector workers refuse to pay a share of the cost of collective bargaining. The remaining eight justices all but locked in their views on that issue in a 2014 case, with four on each side.
If those positions hold, the justices will have decide when to announce the deadlock. They could do so as early as Tuesday, when the court is scheduled to issue opinions. In theory, they could issue multiple 4-4 decisions that day, underscoring what’s at stake with the vacancy.
Contraception case
Another option would be to bump some or all of the deadlocked cases over to be argued again in the nine-month term that starts in October, in the hope that a new justice can participate. The catch is that a ninth justice might not be confirmed for more than a year, if named by Obama’s successor, and might not join the court even in time to hear arguments next term.
Re-argument nonetheless might hold appeal in the contraceptive benefits case. Former U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Secretary Kathleen Sebelius brought it on by supporting an Institute of Medicine panel recommendation to put contraceptive services in the basic package of preventive services that all PPACA-compliant major medical plans must cover without imposing cost-sharing requirements on the enrollees.
HHS has ruled that religious employers can opt out of providing contraceptive benefits but must notify HHS that they have opted out.
Lower courts disagreed about the rights of religious groups, who say they don’t want to facilitate contraceptive coverage they consider immoral, even by sending an opt-out notice to the federal government.
A 4-4 tie would leave that divide intact, and mean that different federal appellate court interpretations would apply in different parts of the country. The court will hear arguments March 23.
